Effect of water consumption on weight loss: a systematic review / Efecto del consumo de agua sobre la pérdida de peso: revisión sistemática

Water intake has been proposed for weight loss; however, the evidence of its efficacy is limited. The aim of this study was to systematically review the randomized clinical trials that assessed the effect of water consumption on weight with a follow up = 12 weeks. A systematic query-based search was performed on PubMed, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library to identify eligible records that quantitatively measured body weight change after interventions. This review included six RCTs that reported different strategies for weight loss achievement: increasing daily water intake, replacement of caloric beverages with water, and premeal waterload. All the studies showed a weight loss effect after follow-up, ranged from -0.4 kg to -8.8 kg with a mean percentage of weight loss of 5.15%. The most effective intervention among the studies was the replacement of caloric beverages with water. The quality of the evidence for the primary outcome of weight loss was rated low to moderate. The main limitation of these results is the short-term follow up-period. In conclusion, despite 5.15% of weight loss, the low to moderate quality of evidence and the short term of follow-up are limitations to support evidence-based recommendations of water consumption for weight loss

El consumo de agua se ha propuesto como medida para la pérdida de peso; sin embargo, la evidencia de su eficacia es limitada. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar sistemáticamente los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que han evaluado el efecto del consumo de agua en el peso corporal con un periodo de seguimiento = 12 semanas. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en cadena en PubMed, EBSCO y Cochrane Library para identificar estudios elegibles que midieran cuantitativamente el cambio de peso corporal después de sus intervenciones. Esta revisión incluye seis ECA que reportan diferentes estrategias para alcanzar la pérdida de peso: incremento del consumo diario de agua, reemplazo de bebidas calóricas por agua y sobrecarga con agua previa a las comidas. Todos los estudios mostraron un efecto de pérdida de peso después del seguimiento, con un rango de -0.4 kg a -8.8 kg y con un porcentaje promedio de pérdida de peso del 5.15%. La intervención más efectiva entre los estudios fue el reemplazo de bebidas calóricas por agua. La calidad de la evidencia para el resultado primario de pérdida de peso fue calificada de baja a moderada. La principal limitación de estos resultados es el corto periodo de seguimiento. En conclusión, a pesar de encontrarse una pérdida de peso del 5.15%, la calidad de la evidencia baja a moderada y el corto periodo de seguimiento son limitaciones para sustentar una recomendación basada en la evidencia sobre el consumo de agua para la pérdida de peso

Effect of water consumption on weight loss: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Water intake has been proposed for weight loss; however, the evidence of its efficacy is limited. The aim of this study was to systematically review the randomized clinical trials that assessed the effect of water consumption on weight with a follow up ≥ 12 weeks. A systematic query-based search was performed on PubMed, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library to identify eligible records that quantitatively measured body weight change after interventions. This review included six RCTs that reported different strategies for weight loss achievement: increasing daily water intake, replacement of caloric beverages with water, and premeal waterload. All the studies showed a weight loss effect after follow-up, ranged from -0.4 kg to -8.8 kg with a mean percentage of weight loss of 5.15%. The most effective intervention among the studies was the replacement of caloric beverages with water. The quality of the evidence for the primary outcome of weight loss was rated low to moderate. The main limitation of these results is the short-term follow up-period. In conclusion, despite 5.15% of weight loss, the low to moderate quality of evidence and the short term of follow-up are limitations to support evidence-based recommendations of water consumption for weight loss.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El consumo de agua se ha propuesto como medida para la pérdida de peso; sin embargo, la evidencia de su eficacia es limitada. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar sistemáticamente los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que han evaluado el efecto del consumo de agua en el peso corporal con un periodo de seguimiento ≥ 12 semanas. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en cadena en PubMed, EBSCO y Cochrane Library para identificar estudios elegibles que midieran cuantitativamente el cambio de peso corporal después de sus intervenciones. Esta revisión incluye seis ECA que reportan diferentes estrategias para alcanzar la pérdida de peso: incremento del consumo diario de agua, reemplazo de bebidas calóricas por agua y sobrecarga con agua previa a las comidas. Todos los estudios mostraron un efecto de pérdida de peso después del seguimiento, con un rango de -0.4 kg a -8.8 kg y con un porcentaje promedio de pérdida de peso del 5.15%. La intervención más efectiva entre los estudios fue el reemplazo de bebidas calóricas por agua. La calidad de la evidencia para el resultado primario de pérdida de peso fue calificada de baja a moderada. La principal limitación de estos resultados es el corto periodo de seguimiento. En conclusión, a pesar de encontrarse una pérdida de peso del 5.15%, la calidad de la evidencia baja a moderada y el corto periodo de seguimiento son limitaciones para sustentar una recomendación basada en la evidencia sobre el consumo de agua para la pérdida de peso.

Mechanical deformation in adult patients with unrepaired aortic coarctation.

Aortic coarctation is a congenital heart disease that causes an increased left ventricular afterload, resulting in increased systolic parietal tension, compensatory hypertrophy, and left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The speckle tracking is a new echocardiographic technique that allows the detection of subclinic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The aim of this study was to detect early left ventricular dysfunction using mechanical deformation by echocardiography in adults with un-repaired aortic coarctation. A total of 41 subjects were studied, 20 patients with aortic coarctation and 21 control subjects, 21 women (51.2%), with an average age of 30 ± 10 years. All patients with aortic coarctation had systemic arterial hypertension (p < 0.001). Seventy percent (14/20) of the patients had bicuspid aortic valve. Statistically significance (p < 0.005) were found in left ventricular mass index, E/e ratio, pulmonary artery systolic pressure and peak velocity and maximum gradient of the aortic valve. The global longitudinal deformation of the left ventricle in patients with aortic coarctation was significative decreased, p < 0.001. The ejection fraction and the global longitudinal deformation of the left ventricle were significantly lower in patients with aortic coarctation compared to the control group, p < 0.003, p < 0.001, respectively. The subgroup of patients with coarctation and left ventricular ejection fraction < 55% had a marked decrease in global longitudinal strain (- 15.9 ± 4%). The radial deformation was increased in patients with aortic coarctation and showed a trend to be significant (r = 0.421; p < 0.06). A significant negative correlation was observed between the global longitudinal deformation and left ventricular mass index (r = 0.54; p = 0.01) in the aortic coarctation group. The patients with aortic coarctation and left ventricular hypertrophy had marked reduction of left ventricular global longitudinal deformation (- 16%, p < 0.05). In our study patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction had abnormal global longitudinal deformation and also the increased left ventricular mass was related with a decreased left ventricular global longitudinal deformation as a sign of subclinical systolic dysfunction.

Subclinical ventricular dysfunction by Speckle Tracking in adult patients with coarctation of the aorta. / Disfunción ventricular subclínica por Speckle Tracking en pacientes adultos con coartación de aorta.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of early left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in adult patients with aortic coarctation (AoCo) and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) compared to systemic hypertensive patients without coarctation and healthy controls by speckle tracking. Methods: Sixty-one subjects were studied, who attended consecutively to external consultation. All were submitted to clinical history, resting electrocardiogram, conventional echocardiogram and with Speckle Tracking. Results: 15 patients with AoCo and SAH were in functional class NYHA I, and five in functional class NYHA II. A significant inverse correlation was observed between the global longitudinal deformation and the left ventricular mass index in the AoCo and SAH group and in the hypertensive patients (r = 0.53, p = 0.02; r = 0.52, p < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: In patients with AoCo and SAH, global longitudinal deformation and left ventricular mass index are significantly related to subclinical LV dysfunction. These parameters are important and should be taken into account to regulate timely therapeutic behavior.